CHARLEMAGNE
Charlemagne (c.742-814), also known as Karl and Charles the Great, was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germany. He embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic peoples into one kingdom, and convert his subjects to Christianity. A skilled military strategist, he spent much of his reign engaged in warfare in order to accomplish his goals. In 800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans. In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe. When he died in 814, Charlemagne’s empire encompassed much of Western Europe, and he had also ensured the survival of Christianity in the West. Today, Charlemagne is referred to by some as the father of Europe. HENRY IV(1366–1413). King of England from 1399 to 1413, Henry IV was the first of three English kings from the House of Lancaster. He is also known as Henry of Lancaster. Conflict with the PopeHenry's first task after assuming control was to restore his authority with the dukes, especially in Saxony, where a revolt (1073) was put down in 1075. He then turned his attention to Italy, where he sought to restore imperial authority; this provoked a conflict with the papacy. Henry disregarded the opposition of Pope Gregory VII to lay investiture [in feudalism, ceremony by which an overlord transferred a fief to a vassal or by which, in ecclesiastical law, an elected cleric received the pastoral ring and staff (the symbols of spiritual office) signifying the transfer of the office. After the oath of fealty, the lord "invested" the vassal with the fief, usually by giving him some symbol of the land or office transferred.] and invested a new bishop of Milan. Gregory supported the previous bishop, who had been put in office by a revolutionary movement in the city, and threatened Henry with deposition. Henry summoned a council at Worms, which declared Gregory deposed (Jan., 1076). Gregory, in 1076, declared Henry excommunicated and deposed and absolved his subjects of their oaths of fealty. A powerful coalition of German nobles, including the rebellious Saxons, agreed (Oct., 1076) not to recognize the king unless he obtained absolution by February; his fitness to rule was to be decided at a diet to be held at Augsburg under the chairmanship of the pope. To forestall the action of this diet, Henry crossed the Alps in the dead of winter to seek absolution. By his humiliation and penitence he moved the pope to grant him absolution at Canossa in Jan., 1077. Despite the absolution, the rebel dukes were determined to depose Henry, and they elected Duke Rudolf of Swabia antiking, thus plunging Germany into civil war. Gregory remained neutral until Mar., 1080, when he renewed Henry's excommunication and deposition and recognized Rudolf's title. But Henry was now supported by a large party; German and Italian bishops joined him in declaring Gregory deposed and in electing an antipope, Clement III (see Guibert of Ravenna). . HOMEWORK:
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Papacy,the office and jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome, the pope (Latin papa, from Greek pappas, “father”), who presides over the central government of the Roman Catholic Church, the largest of the three major branches of Christianity. The term pope was originally applied to all the bishops in the West and also used to describe the patriarch of Alexandria, who still retains the title. In 1073, however, Pope Gregory VII restricted its use to the bishop of Rome, confirming a practice that had existed since the 9th century. According to the Annuario Pontificio, the papal annual, there have been more than 260 popes since St. Peter, traditionally considered the first pope. Among these, 78 have been proclaimed saints, as have some antipopes (rival claimants to the papal throne who were appointed or elected in opposition to the legitimate pope). Most holders of the office have been either Roman or Italian, with a sprinkling of other Europeans, including one Pole. All have been male, though the legend of a female Pope Joan appeared in the 13th century. During the course of the 2,000 years in which the papal system and the practice of electing popes in the conclave have evolved, the papacy has played a crucial role in both Western and world history. POPE GREGORY VII (born 1020?, pope 1073–85), whose name was Hildebrand, was one of the great medieval popes. By his leadership he strove to protect the church from the undue influence of the many powerful political rulers of his time. This could be done only through the elimination of political influence in the election of bishops and heads of monasteries. By his stand he started what is called the Investiture Controversy over the right of kings and emperors to invest clergymen with the symbols of office.
Hildebrand was born in Tuscany and educated in a monastery in Rome. His abilities made him a power behind the throne under five popes. He was elected pope on April 22, 1073. His best-known conflict was with the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV, who was forced to humble himself before the pope in 1077. Henry soon gained the upper hand, however, and Gregory was forced into exile in Naples. He died in Salerno on May 25, 1085. UNDERSTANDING
KNOW THESE FACTS FOR WEDNESDAY QUIZ Papacy: the office of pope: a succession or line of popes; the term of a pope’s reign The Middle Ages was a period that lasted from about 500 to about 1500. This time is called the “middle” ages because it falls between ancient times and modern times. Another name for the Middle Ages is the medieval period. Monks were religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities. Communities of monks, or monasteries were built all over Europe during the Middle Ages. Popes and Kings Popes and Kings dominated European society in the Middle Ages Main Idea: Popes and kings ruled Europe as spiritual and political leaders Kings and popes clashed over some issues Main Idea #1: Popes and kings ruled Europe as spiritual and political leaders In the early middle ages nobles and knights held power. However as time passed power shifted to popes and kings Power of Popes: the pope was the head of the Christian church in western Europe -the pope had great power because so many people belonged to the church -people saw the pope as God’s representative on Earth -the pope could caste from the church or excommunicate, his enemies -popes had great political and spiritual power The Power of the Kings -Europe had been divided into many small states -in three countries, England, France and the Holy Roman Empire kings were the rulers -Kings inherited their titles from their fathers -kings kept order through alliances and warfare -the leader of the Roman Empire was approved by the pope, so the region was also known as the Holy Roman Empire Main Idea #2: Kings and Popes clashed over some issues As popes continued to try to increase their power they came into conflict with kings -Popes were powerful spiritual leaders but also developed political power during the Middle Ages -Popes claimed authority over rulers -This often led to conflict between Popes and kings |
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