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IP: DRAW A COMIC STRIP THAT TELLS THE STORY OF
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR AND THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS |
The Bayeux Tapestry (below)The Bayeux Tapestry (actually an embroidery measuring over 230 feet long and 20 inches wide) describes the Norman invasion of England and the events that led up to it. It is believed that the Tapestry was commissioned by Bishop Odo, bishop of Bayeux and the half-brother of William the Conqueror. The Tapestry contains hundreds of images divided into scenes each describing a particular event. The scenes are joined into a linear sequence allowing the viewer to "read" the entire story starting with the first scene and progressing to the last. The Tapestry would probably have been displayed in a church for public view.
King Edward of England (called "The Confessor") because of his construction of Westminster Abbey) died on January 5, 1066, after a reign of 23 years. Leaving no heirs, Edward's passing ignited a three-way rivalry for the crown that culminated in the Battle of Hastings and the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon rule of England.
The leading pretender was Harold Godwinson, the second most powerful man in England and an advisor to Edward. Harold and Edward became brothers-in-law when the king married Harold's sister. Harold's powerful position, his relationship to Edward and his esteem among his peers made him a logical successor to the throne. His claim was strengthened when the dying Edward supposedly uttered "Into Harold's hands I commit my Kingdom." With this kingly endorsement, the Witan (the council of royal advisors) unanimously selected Harold as King. His coronation took place the same day as Edward's burial. With the placing of the crown on his head, Harold's troubles began.
Across the English Channel, William, Duke of Normandy, also laid claim to the English throne. William justified his claim through his blood relationship with Edward (they were distant cousins) and by stating that some years earlier, Edward had designated him as his successor. To compound the issue, William asserted that the message in which Edward anointed him as the next King of England had been carried to him in 1064 by none other than Harold himself. In addition, (according to William) Harold had sworn on the relics of a martyred saint that he would support William's right to the throne. From William's perspective, when Harold donned the Crown he not only defied the wishes of Edward but had violated a sacred oath. He immediately prepared to invade England and destroy the upstart Harold. Harold's violation of his sacred oath enabled William to secure the support of the Pope who promptly excommunicated Harold, consigning him and his supporters to an eternity in Hell.
The third rival for the throne was Harald Hardrada, King of Norway. His justification was even more tenuous than William's. Hardrada ruled Norway jointly with his nephew Mangus until 1047 when Mangus conveniently died. Earlier (1042), Mangus had cut a deal with Harthacut the Danish ruler of England. Since neither ruler had a male heir, both promised their kingdom to the other in the event of his death. Harthacut died but Mangus was unable to follow up on his claim to the English throne because he was too busy battling for the rule of Denmark. Edward became the Anglo-Saxon ruler of England. Now with Mangus and Edward dead, Hardrada asserted that he, as Mangus's heir, was the rightful ruler of England. When he heard of Harold's coronation, Hardrada immediately prepared to invade England and crush the upstart.
Hardrada of Norway struck first. In mid September, Hardrada's invasion force landed on the Northern English coast, sacked a few coastal villages and headed towards the city of York. Hardrada was joined in his effort by Tostig, King Harold's nere-do-well brother. The Viking army overwhelmed an English force blocking the York road and captured the city. In London, news of the invasion sent King Harold hurriedly north at the head of his army picking up reinforcements along the way. The speed of Harold's forced march allowed him to surprise Hardrada's army on September 25, as it camped at Stamford Bridge outside York. A fierce battle followed. Hand to hand combat ebbed and flowed across the bridge. Finally the Norsemen's line broke and the real slaughter began. Hardrada fell and then the King's brother, Tostig. What remained of the Viking army fled to their ships. So devastating was the Viking defeat that only 24 of the invasion force's original 240 ships made the trip back home. Resting after his victory, Harold received word of William's landing near Hastings.
Construction of the Norman invasion fleet had been completed in July and all was ready for the Channel crossing. Unfortunately, William's ships could not penetrate an uncooperative north wind and for six weeks he languished on the Norman shore. Finally, on September 27, after parading the relics of St. Valery at the water's edge, the winds shifted to the south and the fleet set sail. The Normans made landfall on the English coast near Pevensey and marched to Hastings.
Harold rushed his army south and planted his battle standards atop a knoll some five miles from Hastings. During the early morning of the next day, October 14, Harold's army watched as a long column of Norman warriors marched to the base of the hill and formed a battle line. Separated by a few hundred yards, the lines of the two armies traded taunts and insults. At a signal, the Norman archers took their position at the front of the line. The English at the top of the hill responded by raising their shields above their heads forming a shield-wall to protect them from the rain of arrows. The battle was joined.
The English fought defensively while the Normans infantry and cavalry repeatedly charged their shield-wall. As the combat slogged on for the better part of the day, the battle's outcome was in question. Finally, as evening approached, the English line gave way and the Normans rushed their enemy with a vengeance. King Harold fell as did the majority of the Saxon aristocracy. William's victory was complete. On Christmas day 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
The leading pretender was Harold Godwinson, the second most powerful man in England and an advisor to Edward. Harold and Edward became brothers-in-law when the king married Harold's sister. Harold's powerful position, his relationship to Edward and his esteem among his peers made him a logical successor to the throne. His claim was strengthened when the dying Edward supposedly uttered "Into Harold's hands I commit my Kingdom." With this kingly endorsement, the Witan (the council of royal advisors) unanimously selected Harold as King. His coronation took place the same day as Edward's burial. With the placing of the crown on his head, Harold's troubles began.
Across the English Channel, William, Duke of Normandy, also laid claim to the English throne. William justified his claim through his blood relationship with Edward (they were distant cousins) and by stating that some years earlier, Edward had designated him as his successor. To compound the issue, William asserted that the message in which Edward anointed him as the next King of England had been carried to him in 1064 by none other than Harold himself. In addition, (according to William) Harold had sworn on the relics of a martyred saint that he would support William's right to the throne. From William's perspective, when Harold donned the Crown he not only defied the wishes of Edward but had violated a sacred oath. He immediately prepared to invade England and destroy the upstart Harold. Harold's violation of his sacred oath enabled William to secure the support of the Pope who promptly excommunicated Harold, consigning him and his supporters to an eternity in Hell.
The third rival for the throne was Harald Hardrada, King of Norway. His justification was even more tenuous than William's. Hardrada ruled Norway jointly with his nephew Mangus until 1047 when Mangus conveniently died. Earlier (1042), Mangus had cut a deal with Harthacut the Danish ruler of England. Since neither ruler had a male heir, both promised their kingdom to the other in the event of his death. Harthacut died but Mangus was unable to follow up on his claim to the English throne because he was too busy battling for the rule of Denmark. Edward became the Anglo-Saxon ruler of England. Now with Mangus and Edward dead, Hardrada asserted that he, as Mangus's heir, was the rightful ruler of England. When he heard of Harold's coronation, Hardrada immediately prepared to invade England and crush the upstart.
Hardrada of Norway struck first. In mid September, Hardrada's invasion force landed on the Northern English coast, sacked a few coastal villages and headed towards the city of York. Hardrada was joined in his effort by Tostig, King Harold's nere-do-well brother. The Viking army overwhelmed an English force blocking the York road and captured the city. In London, news of the invasion sent King Harold hurriedly north at the head of his army picking up reinforcements along the way. The speed of Harold's forced march allowed him to surprise Hardrada's army on September 25, as it camped at Stamford Bridge outside York. A fierce battle followed. Hand to hand combat ebbed and flowed across the bridge. Finally the Norsemen's line broke and the real slaughter began. Hardrada fell and then the King's brother, Tostig. What remained of the Viking army fled to their ships. So devastating was the Viking defeat that only 24 of the invasion force's original 240 ships made the trip back home. Resting after his victory, Harold received word of William's landing near Hastings.
Construction of the Norman invasion fleet had been completed in July and all was ready for the Channel crossing. Unfortunately, William's ships could not penetrate an uncooperative north wind and for six weeks he languished on the Norman shore. Finally, on September 27, after parading the relics of St. Valery at the water's edge, the winds shifted to the south and the fleet set sail. The Normans made landfall on the English coast near Pevensey and marched to Hastings.
Harold rushed his army south and planted his battle standards atop a knoll some five miles from Hastings. During the early morning of the next day, October 14, Harold's army watched as a long column of Norman warriors marched to the base of the hill and formed a battle line. Separated by a few hundred yards, the lines of the two armies traded taunts and insults. At a signal, the Norman archers took their position at the front of the line. The English at the top of the hill responded by raising their shields above their heads forming a shield-wall to protect them from the rain of arrows. The battle was joined.
The English fought defensively while the Normans infantry and cavalry repeatedly charged their shield-wall. As the combat slogged on for the better part of the day, the battle's outcome was in question. Finally, as evening approached, the English line gave way and the Normans rushed their enemy with a vengeance. King Harold fell as did the majority of the Saxon aristocracy. William's victory was complete. On Christmas day 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
Henry II
After the death of William, English kings further strengthened their power. From 1154 to 1189, King Henry II ruled England as well as most of Wales, and Ireland. He was also a feudal lord in France and Scotland. Some of the French lands belonged to his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Henry set up a central royal court with lawyers and judges. Circuit judges, who traveled across the country to hear cases, brought the king,s law to all parts of England.
The courts created a body of common law, or law that was the same throughout the whole kingdom. Common law helped unite England by replacing laws that differed from place to place.
Henry also set up juries of citizens to settle disputes. Traveling circuit judges met with a grand jury. It decided if people should be accused of a crime. Next came a trial jury to decide whether a person was innocent or guilty.
After the death of William, English kings further strengthened their power. From 1154 to 1189, King Henry II ruled England as well as most of Wales, and Ireland. He was also a feudal lord in France and Scotland. Some of the French lands belonged to his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Henry set up a central royal court with lawyers and judges. Circuit judges, who traveled across the country to hear cases, brought the king,s law to all parts of England.
The courts created a body of common law, or law that was the same throughout the whole kingdom. Common law helped unite England by replacing laws that differed from place to place.
Henry also set up juries of citizens to settle disputes. Traveling circuit judges met with a grand jury. It decided if people should be accused of a crime. Next came a trial jury to decide whether a person was innocent or guilty.
THE BLACK DEATH
USE THE FOLLOWING WORDS TO FILL IN THE READING PASSAGE BELOW ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF NUMBERED PAPER
OF ALLOWED WILLING LIVE BECAUSE BROKE THIS THESE ON TO
IN CONDITIONS SPREAD TIME OR SO WERE DIED
The Black Death is the name of a disastrous plague that ___1___ out in Europe in 1348. At that ___2___, poor people lived in the manors of their employers. ___3___ was the feudal system, in ___4___ the poor people, known as serfs, virtually belonged ___5___ their masters, the lords.
The serfs usually lived ___6___ cramped and unhygienic environments in the lords' castles. ___7___ were so bad that diseases ___8___ very quickly. Black rats, which bred very ___9___ in such environments, ran around, carrying diseases ___10___ them. When ___11___ infected rats bit other rats ___12___ human beings, the diseases ___13___ transmitted to their victims. This became ___14___ widespread that many villages were wiped out and about one million people ___15___ in just two years because of the Black Death.
___16___ of this, fewer and fewer people were ___17___ to work or to ___18___ in the lords' manors. They demanded to be ___19___ to rent their own land out ___20___ their pay. This was the beginning of the abolition of the feudal system in Europe.
21. WHAT DOES ABOLITION MEAN?
.
OF ALLOWED WILLING LIVE BECAUSE BROKE THIS THESE ON TO
IN CONDITIONS SPREAD TIME OR SO WERE DIED
The Black Death is the name of a disastrous plague that ___1___ out in Europe in 1348. At that ___2___, poor people lived in the manors of their employers. ___3___ was the feudal system, in ___4___ the poor people, known as serfs, virtually belonged ___5___ their masters, the lords.
The serfs usually lived ___6___ cramped and unhygienic environments in the lords' castles. ___7___ were so bad that diseases ___8___ very quickly. Black rats, which bred very ___9___ in such environments, ran around, carrying diseases ___10___ them. When ___11___ infected rats bit other rats ___12___ human beings, the diseases ___13___ transmitted to their victims. This became ___14___ widespread that many villages were wiped out and about one million people ___15___ in just two years because of the Black Death.
___16___ of this, fewer and fewer people were ___17___ to work or to ___18___ in the lords' manors. They demanded to be ___19___ to rent their own land out ___20___ their pay. This was the beginning of the abolition of the feudal system in Europe.
21. WHAT DOES ABOLITION MEAN?
.
THE BLACK DEATH
Overview of the Black Death The Black Death was first seen in Europe in 1328 and it lasted until 1351; although occasional outbreaks did occur for the next sixty years. The Black Death was able to reach even the most distant corners of the globe as it followed trade routes. It is estimated that up to 200 million people died in Europe alone, and the 1328 outbreak in China wiped out 35 million people in their population. The Black Death only troubled Britain for three years, but in that short period it wreaked havoc across the country. The Black Death was particularly frightening because it killed indiscriminately. It didn’t seem to matter whether a person was young or old, rich or poor, employee or employer. Once infected, the patient had a very limited period of life left, and that period would be unpleasant to say the least. - See more at: http://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/the-black-death.
Overview of the Black Death The Black Death was first seen in Europe in 1328 and it lasted until 1351; although occasional outbreaks did occur for the next sixty years. The Black Death was able to reach even the most distant corners of the globe as it followed trade routes. It is estimated that up to 200 million people died in Europe alone, and the 1328 outbreak in China wiped out 35 million people in their population. The Black Death only troubled Britain for three years, but in that short period it wreaked havoc across the country. The Black Death was particularly frightening because it killed indiscriminately. It didn’t seem to matter whether a person was young or old, rich or poor, employee or employer. Once infected, the patient had a very limited period of life left, and that period would be unpleasant to say the least. - See more at: http://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/the-black-death.